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Books are seen as a way for children to understand the roles of men and women in society and reinforce children's idea of appropriate behavior's for men and women. [45] It is important to offer children the option to explore diverse gender roles, by providing tools like books that showcase characters in atypical gender roles. [46]
In addition to the gender pay gap, a "family gap" also exists, wherein women with children receive about 10-15% less pay when compared to women without children. [ 46 ] [ 76 ] According to Jane Waldfogel, professor of social work and public affairs at Columbia University , this family gap is a contributing factor to the United States' large ...
gender identity: the child recognizes that they are either a boy or a girl and possesses the ability to label others. gender stability: the identity in which they recognizes themselves as does not change; gender consistency: the acceptance that gender does not change regardless of changes in gender-typed appearance, activities, and traits.
Additionally, parenthood affects one's chance of being hired differently based on one's gender. Fatherhood is associated with a greater chance of getting a promotion, while motherhood decreases promotion rates, especially if the children are younger. [21] Statistically, women experience internal promotion rates that are 34–46% lower than for men.
The concept of childhood gender nonconformity assumes that there is a correct way to be a girl or a boy. There are a number of social and developmental perspectives that explore how children come to identify with a particular gender and engage in activities that are associated with this gender role.
More specifically, in Navajo society, the third gender is known as nadle. [39] Nadle is a gender that does tasks commonly for both men and women, but also dresses according to whatever task they are doing at the moment. [39] The muxe of southern Mexico are biological males who identify as neither male nor female.
Traditional Apache gender roles have many of the same skills learned by both females and males. All children traditionally learn how to cook, follow tracks, skin leather, sew stitches, ride horses, and use weapons. [2] Typically, women gather vegetation such as fruits, roots, and seeds. Women would often prepare the food.
Gender schema theory is a cognitive theory to explain how individuals become gendered in society, and how sex-linked characteristics are maintained and transmitted to other members of a culture. The theory was formally introduced by Sandra Bem in 1981.