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Cryogenic hardening is a cryogenic treatment process where the material is cooled to approximately −185 °C (−301 °F), typically using liquid nitrogen.It can have a profound effect on the mechanical properties of certain steels, provided their composition and prior heat treatment are such that they retain some austenite at room temperature.
The cryogenic treatment process was invented by Ed Busch (CryoTech) in Detroit, Michigan in 1966, inspired by NASA research, which later merged with 300 Below, Inc. in 2000 to become the world's largest and oldest commercial cryogenic processing company after Peter Paulin of Decatur, IL collaborated with process control engineers to invent the world's first computer-controlled "dry" cryogenic ...
Nitrogen is a liquid under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).. In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to ...
Heat treating furnace at 1,800 °F (980 °C) Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial, thermal and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as ...
Differentially tempered steel. The various colors produced indicate the temperature the steel was heated to. Light straw indicates 204 °C (399 °F) and light blue indicates 337 °C (639 °F). [1] [2] Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the toughness of iron-based alloys.
The term hardened steel is often used for a medium or high carbon steel that has been given heat treatment and then quenching followed by tempering. The quenching results in the formation of metastable martensite, the fraction of which is reduced to the desired amount during tempering. This is the most common state for finished articles such as ...
Martensitic transformation, more commonly known as quenching and tempering, is a hardening mechanism specific for steel. The steel must be heated to a temperature where the iron phase changes from ferrite into austenite, i.e. changes crystal structure from BCC (body-centered cubic) to FCC (face-centered cubic). In austenitic form, steel can ...
Austempering is heat treatment that is applied to ferrous metals, most notably steel and ductile iron. In steel it produces a bainite microstructure whereas in cast irons it produces a structure of acicular ferrite and high carbon, stabilized austenite known as ausferrite. It is primarily used to improve mechanical properties or reduce ...