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Dissolved oxygen levels required by various species in the Chesapeake Bay (US). In aquatic environments, oxygen saturation is a ratio of the concentration of "dissolved oxygen" (DO, O 2), to the maximum amount of oxygen that will dissolve in that water body, at the temperature and pressure which constitute stable equilibrium conditions.
The total concentration of carbon dioxide (in the form of bicarbonate ions, dissolved CO 2, and carbamino groups) in arterial blood (i.e. after it has equilibrated with the alveolar air) is about 26 mM (or 58 ml/100 ml), [27] compared to the concentration of oxygen in saturated arterial blood of about 9 mM (or 20 ml/100 ml blood).
The blood can also be drawn from an arterial catheter. An ABG test measures the blood gas tension values of the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), and the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), and the blood's pH. In addition, the arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) can be determined. Such information is vital when caring ...
Arterial blood carbon dioxide tension. P a CO 2 – Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level in arterial blood is between 35 and 45 mmHg (4.7 and 6.0 kPa). [9] Venous blood carbon dioxide tension. P v CO 2 – Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level in venous blood is between 40 and 50 mmHg (5.33 and 6.67 kPa). [9]
Air in the alveoli of the lungs is diluted by saturated water vapour (H 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2), a metabolic product given off by the blood, and contains less oxygen (O 2) than atmospheric air as some of it is taken up by the blood for metabolic use. The resulting partial pressure of nitrogen is about 0.758 bar.
The alveolar oxygen is transferred to hemoglobin, a carrier protein inside red blood cells, with an efficiency that decreases with the partial pressure of oxygen in the air. Altitude . The external partial pressure of oxygen decreases with altitude, for example in areas of high altitude or when flying .
About 98.5% [22] of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human breathing air at sea-level pressure is chemically combined with the hemoglobin. About 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species.
These devices use nearly pure oxygen at about one-third normal pressure, resulting in a normal blood partial pressure of O 2. This trade-off of higher oxygen concentration for lower pressure is needed to maintain suit flexibility. [117] [118] Scuba and surface-supplied underwater divers and submarines also rely on artificially delivered O 2.