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The Constitution of the Russian Federation specifies that the President is the Russian head of state, setting domestic and foreign policy and representing Russia both within the country and internationally [Article 80]. [7]
The Russian Constitution of 1906 contained an introduction and eleven chapters: [6] comprising a total of 124 articles: The Introduction (Articles 1–3) declared that Russia was "one and indivisible", [7] and mandated the use of Russian in the armed forces and other public institutions. [8]
Russian Constitution of 1906; 1918 Constitution of Soviet Russia; Russian Constitution of 1978; Constitution of Russia; D. Decree on the system of government of ...
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation came into being as an independent state in 1991 and it is described as a "democratic, federal, rule-based republic" in its constitution which is adopted in 1993, includes many universal principles such as human rights and freedoms, free elections, political and ideological pluralism and judicial independence.
The proposed amendments use the notion "contrary to the Constitution", which is too broad a formula, broader than that of current Article 79 of the Constitution ("limiting the rights and freedoms of the individual and the citizen or contradicting the fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation").
An official government translation of the Constitution of Russia from Russian to English uses the term "constituent entities of the Russian Federation". For example, Article 5 reads: "The Russian Federation shall consist of republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal significance, an autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrugs, which shall have equal rights as constituent entities of the Russian ...
Since 1992, President Boris Yeltsin had been arguing that the 1978 constitution was obsolete and needed replacing. [3] He called for a new constitution which would grant more powers to the President. [3] However, two competing drafts of a new constitution were drawn up by the government and the Congress of People's Deputies. [3]
Freedom of assembly in Russia is granted by Article 31 of the Constitution adopted in 1993, where it states that citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to gather peacefully, without weapons, and to hold meetings, rallies, demonstrations, marches and pickets. [1]