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If the noun is definite, the adjective can be predicative: [186] agrōs dēseruit incultōs. [187] "He abandoned the fields, leaving them uncultivated." Sometimes the noun, not the adjective, is focussed, and the adjective is a mere tail, as in the following: [188] multum tē in eō frāter adiuvābit meus, multum Balbus. [189]
Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns often have their own special nominative singular endings. For instance, many masculine nouns end in -or (amor, amōris, 'love'). Many feminine nouns end in -īx (phoenīx, phoenīcis, 'phoenix'), and many neuter nouns end in -us with an r stem in the oblique cases (onus, oneris 'burden'; tempus, temporis ...
Most nouns in English have distinct singular and plural forms. Nouns and most noun phrases can form a possessive construction. Plurality is most commonly shown by the ending-s (or -es), whereas possession is always shown by the enclitic-'s or, for plural forms ending in s, by just an apostrophe. Consider, for example, the forms of the noun girl.
The latter class, i.e. the neuter nominative/accusative singular, usually ends with -um in Latin and -ον (-on) in Greek, matching the accusative of the former. In Latin, the masculine words of the second declension that end with -us in the nominative case are differently declined from the latter in the vocative case: such words end with -e.
For the indefinite accusative, the fatḥah + nunation is added to an ا alif, e.g. ـًا, which is added to the ending of all nouns not ending with a alif followed by hamzah or a tā’ marbūṭah. This is the only case (when alif is written), which affects the unvocalised written Arabic (e.g. بَيْتاً bayt-an).
Exceptions include singular non-neuter second-declension nouns that end in -us in the nominative case. An example would be the famous line from Shakespeare, "Et tu, Brute?" (commonly translated as "And you, Brutus?"): Brute is the vocative case and Brutus would be the nominative. Nouns that end in -ius end with -ī instead of the expected -ie.
Nouns belonging to this declension class are masculines ending in -ь preceded by a palatal in the nominative singular (врачь, крал҄ь, кошь). This paradigm encompasses nouns such as краи ( krai ) that don't appear to be ending in a palatal, but are in fact underlyingly combinations like krajь and so undergo this declension ...
In the latter case, -ya is attached to nouns whose construct state ends in a long vowel or diphthong (e.g. in the sound masculine plural and the dual), while -ī is attached to nouns whose construct state ends in a short vowel, in which case that vowel is elided (e.g. in the sound feminine plural, as well as the singular and broken plural of ...