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Course made good (C.M.G. or Course Over Ground) - the actual route taken to achieve the journey's objecting measured over the ground. It is the resultant of the course steered and the effect on that course of any wind and tide. Sail trim - pulling the sail in when sailing upwind and letting it out when sailing downwind.
Marine navigation is the art and science of steering a ship from a starting point (sailing) to a destination, efficiently and responsibly. It is an art because of the skill that the navigator must have to avoid the dangers of navigation, and it is a science because it is based on physical , mathematical , oceanographic , cartographic ...
The physics of sailing arises from a balance of forces between the wind powering the sailing craft as it passes over its sails and the resistance by the sailing craft against being blown off course, which is provided in the water by the keel, rudder, underwater foils and other elements of the underbody of a sailboat, on ice by the runners of an ...
For many sailing craft 45° on either side of the wind is a no-go zone, where a sail is unable to mobilize power from the wind. Sailing on a course as close to the wind as possible—approximately 45°—is termed beating, a point of sail when the sails are close-hauled. At 90° off the wind, a craft is on a beam reach.
When sailing craft are on a course where the angle of attack between the sail and the apparent wind (α) exceeds the point of maximum lift on the C L –C D polar diagram, separation of flow occurs. [34] The separation becomes more pronounced until at α = 90° lift becomes small and drag predominates.
Sailing vessels are unable to sail higher than a certain angle towards the wind, so "beating to windward" in a zig-zag fashion with a series of tacking maneuvers, allows a vessel to sail towards a destination that is closer to the wind than the vessel can sail directly. A sailing craft whose course is downwind jibes (or "wears" if square-rigged ...
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Spar (sailing) – pole of wood, metal or lightweight materials such as carbon fibre used in the rigging of a sailing vessel to carry or support its sail. These include booms and masts, which serve both to deploy sail and resist compressive and bending forces, as well as the bowsprit and spinnaker pole. Boom; Bowsprit; Boomkin