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The actual difference is not usually a good way to compare the numbers, in particular because it depends on the unit of measurement. For instance, 1 m is the same as 100 cm, but the absolute difference between 2 and 1 m is 1 while the absolute difference between 200 and 100 cm is 100, giving the impression of a larger difference. [4]
The percent yield is a comparison between the actual yield—which is the weight of the intended product of a chemical reaction in a laboratory setting—and the theoretical yield—the measurement of pure intended isolated product, based on the chemical equation of a flawless chemical reaction, [1] and is defined as,
Measured values for actual systems will always be significantly less than these theoretical maxima. In Europe, the standard test conditions for ground source heat pump units use 308 K (35 °C; 95 °F) for and 273 K (0 °C; 32 °F) for . According to the above formula, the maximum theoretical COPs would be
In fluid dynamics, normalized root mean square deviation (NRMSD), coefficient of variation (CV), and percent RMS are used to quantify the uniformity of flow behavior such as velocity profile, temperature distribution, or gas species concentration. The value is compared to industry standards to optimize the design of flow and thermal equipment ...
The above efficiency formulas are based on simple idealized mathematical models of engines, with no friction and working fluids that obey simplified thermodynamic models. Real engines have many departures from ideal behavior that waste energy, reducing actual efficiencies below the theoretical values given above. Examples are: friction of ...
actual: = = Since the actual ratio is larger than required, O 2 is the reagent in excess, which confirms that benzene is the limiting reagent. Method 2: Comparison of product amounts which can be formed from each reactant
The JND formula has an objective interpretation (implied at the start of this entry) as the disparity between levels of the presented stimulus that is detected on 50% of occasions by a particular observed response, [3] rather than what is subjectively "noticed" or as a difference in magnitudes of consciously experienced 'sensations'.
If the period T was underestimated by 20 percent, then the estimate of g would be overestimated by 40 percent (note the negative sign for the T term). If the initial angle θ was overestimated by ten percent, the estimate of g would be overestimated by about 0.7 percent.