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However, because ZnO is of slightly lower conductivity than metal and indium tin oxide (ITO), it can be doped and hybridized with metal NPs like platinum to improve its conductivity. [31] A method to do so would be to synthesize ZnO NPs using methanol reduction and incorporate at 0.25 at.% platinum NPs. [ 32 ]
A semiconductor fab operates 24/7 [116] and many fabs use large amounts of water, primarily for rinsing the chips. [117] Wafer processing (also called front end) [118] Wet cleans Cleaning by solvents such as acetone, trichloroethylene or ultrapure water sometimes while spinning the wafer; Piranha solution; RCA clean; Wafer scrubbing; Spin ...