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Twig snakes are among the few rear-fanged colubrids whose bite is highly venomous and potentially fatal. [4] The venom is hemotoxic, and although its effects are very slow, and bites are rare, no antivenom has been developed and several fatalities (such as Robert Mertens) have occurred.
The scales have light-colored keels and sometimes yellow tips that form a series of 30 or more light crossbands or chevrons. On the tail, there are 10 to 19 chevrons: not always clearly defined, but usually present. The ventral edge of the dorsum has light spots in pairs. An interstitial black color is visible only when the skin is stretched.
Atheris-specific antivenom does not exist [2] and antivenom meant for bites from other species seems to have little effect, although Echis antivenom has been reported to have been of some help in a case of A. squamigera envenomation. [3] Symptomatic replacement therapy [clarification needed] is applied due to the absence of an Atheris-specific ...
• Color: Juvenile black racers typically have brown spots, making them mistakable for a copperhead. Adult black racers are slender and black (or dark gray) with smooth scales.
The eastern indigo snake was first described by John Edwards Holbrook in 1842. For many years the genus Drymarchon was considered monotypic with one species, Drymarchon corais, with 12 subspecies, until the early 1990s when Drymarchon corais couperi was elevated to full species status according to the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, in their official names list.
There are no subspecies that are recognized as being valid. [5] Its color variations include the Texas rat snake. [3] Along with other snakes of the eastern United States, like the eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi) and the eastern racer (Coluber constrictor), it is called “black snake”. Black rat snake
The red-bellied black snake was first described and named by English naturalist George Shaw in Zoology of New Holland (1794) as Coluber porphyriacus. [4] Incorrectly assuming it was harmless and not venomous, [5] he wrote, "This beautiful snake, which appears to be unprovided with tubular teeth or fangs, and consequently not of a venomous nature, is three, sometimes four, feet in nature."
[7] [8] Many snake experts have cited the black mamba and the coastal taipan as the world's most dangerous, albeit not the most venomous snakes. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Both species are elapids , and in several aspects of morphology, ecology and behavior, the coastal taipan is strongly convergent with the black mamba.