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The boot loader hands control over to the kernel, which initializes the various devices to a known state and makes the computer ready for general operations. [10] The kernel is responsible for managing tasks (i.e., for managing the CPU's time) and communicating between tasks. [11] The fundamental service provided by the kernel is context switching.
The intermediate stage loader (stage1.5, usually core.img) is loaded and executed by the stage1 loader. The second-stage loader (stage2, the /boot/grub/ files) is loaded by the stage1.5 and displays the GRUB startup menu that allows the user to choose an operating system or examine and edit startup parameters.
ReactOS 0.4.14 running the Firefox web browser. ReactOS is a free and open-source operating system for i586/amd64 personal computers intended to be binary-compatible with computer programs and device drivers developed for Windows Server 2003 and later versions of Microsoft Windows.
Part of the compiler's function is to link these files in such a way that the program can be executed by the hardware. Once compiled, the program can be saved as an object file and the loader (part of the operating system) can take this saved file and execute it as a process on the computer hardware. [59]
UEFI requires the firmware and operating system loader (or kernel) to be size-matched; that is, a 64-bit UEFI firmware implementation can load only a 64-bit operating system (OS) boot loader or kernel (unless the CSM-based legacy boot is used) and the same applies to 32-bit.
Relocation is the process of assigning load addresses for position-dependent code and data of a program and adjusting the code and data to reflect the assigned addresses. [1] [2] Prior to the advent of multiprocess systems, and still in many embedded systems, the addresses for objects are absolute starting at a known location, often zero.
iOS jailbreaking is the use of a privilege escalation exploit to remove software restrictions imposed by Apple on devices running iOS and iOS-based [a] operating systems. It is typically done through a series of kernel patches.
Call stack layout for upward-growing stacks after the DrawSquare subroutine (shown in blue) called DrawLine (shown in green), which is the currently executing routine. A call stack is composed of stack frames (also called activation records or activation frames).