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In law, a presumption is an "inference of a particular fact". [1] There are two types of presumptions: rebuttable presumptions and irrebuttable (or conclusive) presumptions. [2]: 25 A rebuttable presumption will either shift the burden of production (requiring the disadvantaged party to produce some evidence to the contrary) or the burden of proof (requiring the disadvantaged party to show the ...
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 • SEC Rule 10b-5 • rebuttable presumption of reliance on material misrepresentation • class certification: Scalia, Alito:
Blackmun further noted that both Congress's intent and recent empirical studies reflect the idea that open markets incorporate all material information into share price. The Court thereby adopted a rebuttable presumption of reliance, based on the fraud-on-the-market theory.
In the doctrine of equivalents, prosecution history estoppel creates only a rebuttable presumption against infringement. Holmes Group v. Vornado: 535 U.S. 826: 2002: Patent issues raised in counterclaim do not give rise to Federal Circuit jurisdiction Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd. 545 U.S. 193: 2005: Related to Research exemption.
In some jurisdictions, negligence per se creates merely a rebuttable presumption of negligence. A typical example is one in which a contractor violates a building code when constructing a house. The house then collapses, injuring somebody.
Rebuttable presumptions of fact, arising during the course of a trial as a result of specific factual situations (for example that the accused has taken flight), [3] are common; an opening presumption of guilt based on the mere fact that the suspect has been charged is considered illegitimate in many countries, [4] and contrary to international ...
If these three tests are satisfied, then the Act binds the Crown in respect of the Commonwealth. In Australia, there is no clear automatic Crown immunity or lack of it; as such there is a rebuttable presumption that the Crown is not bound by a statute, as noted in Bropho v State of Western Australia. [4]
The rebuttable presumption establishes a burden of proof; but the burden may be rebutted by evidence to the contrary. The civil standard of proof is "a balance of probabilities", while the criminal standard of proof is "beyond reasonable doubt". Here, different presumptions will apply, according to the class of agreement.