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The ultraweak and ultrastrong topologies are better-behaved than the weak and strong operator topologies, but their definitions are more complicated, so they are usually not used unless their better properties are really needed. For example, the dual space of B(H) in the weak or strong operator topology is too small to have much analytic content.
Weak form and strong form may refer to: Weaker and stronger versions of a hypothesis, theorem or physical law; Weak formulations and strong formulations of differential equations in mathematics; Differing pronunciations of words depending on emphasis; see Weak and strong forms in English; Weak and strong pronouns
The weak topology on X induced by Y (and b) is the weakest topology on X, denoted by 𝜎(X, Y, b) or simply 𝜎(X, Y), making all maps b(•, y) : X → continuous, as y ranges over Y. [1] The weak topology on Y is now automatically defined as described in the article Dual system. However, for clarity, we now repeat it.
However the weak law is known to hold in certain conditions where the strong law does not hold and then the convergence is only weak (in probability). See differences between the weak law and the strong law. The strong law applies to independent identically distributed random variables having an expected value (like the weak law).
For example, the Whitehead theorem holds for ANRs: a map of ANRs that induces an isomorphism on homotopy groups (for all choices of base point) is a homotopy equivalence. Since ANRs include topological manifolds, Hilbert cube manifolds, Banach manifolds, and so on, these results apply to a large class of spaces.
An example of a discrete-time stationary process where the sample space is also discrete (so that the random variable may take one of N possible values) is a Bernoulli scheme. Other examples of a discrete-time stationary process with continuous sample space include some autoregressive and moving average processes which are both subsets of the ...
The definition of weak convergence can be extended to Banach spaces. A sequence of points ( x n ) {\displaystyle (x_{n})} in a Banach space B is said to converge weakly to a point x in B if f ( x n ) → f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x_{n})\to f(x)} for any bounded linear functional f {\displaystyle f} defined on B {\displaystyle B} , that is, for ...
Thus a strong extremum is also a weak extremum, but the converse may not hold. Finding strong extrema is more difficult than finding weak extrema. [12] An example of a necessary condition that is used for finding weak extrema is the Euler–Lagrange equation. [13] [f]