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Yet probably some kind of Sino-foreign war would have come, given the irresistible vigor of Western expansion and immovable inertia of Chinese institutions. [247] Some historians claim that Lord Palmerston, the British Foreign Secretary, initiated the Opium War to maintain the principle of free trade. [248]
The Chinese Opium Wars. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-122730-2. Fay, Peter Ward (1975). The Opium War, 1840–1842: Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the War by Which They Forced Her Gates Ajar. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-1243-3. Gelber, H. (2004).
The war followed on from the First Opium War. In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking granted an indemnity and extraterritoriality to Britain, the opening of five treaty ports, and the cession of Hong Kong Island. The failure of the treaty to satisfy British goals of improved trade and diplomatic relations led to the Second Opium War (1856–1860). [11]
The Nationalist Government, provincial governments, the revolutionary base areas of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and the British colonial government of Hong Kong all depended on opium taxes as major sources of revenue, as did the Japanese occupation governments during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).
The Sino-British Joint Declaration was a treaty between the ... Hong Kong became a British colony in 1842 after the Qing dynasty's defeat in the First Opium War.
Opium imports into China, 1650-1880. The Humen Smoke Suppression was an anti-smoking operation during the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty in China, which took place in June 1839 under the auspices of Lin Zexu, then Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi.With British traders importing large quantities of opium into China, the Qing government was forced to take strong measures to deal with the ...
Hong Kong had been a British colony since 1841, when it was occupied by British forces during the first Opium War. China’s Qing Dynasty signed it over to the British the following year in the ...
First Opium War: The Qing lost to the British and ceded Hong Kong to the latter. Included the following battles: 1839 Battle of Kowloon: Stalemate between the British and the Qing. Battle of Chuenpi: The British defeated the Qing. 1840 Capture of Chusan: The British defeated the Qing. Battle of the Barrier: The British defeated the Qing.