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Tulving's 1983 book Elements of Episodic Memory elaborated on these concepts, and has been cited over 9000 times. [15] According to Tulving, the ability to travel back and forward in time mentally is unique to humans and this is made possible by the autonoetic consciousness and is the essence of episodic memory. [16]
In psychology, mental time travel is the capacity to mentally reconstruct personal events from the past (episodic memory) as well as to imagine possible scenarios in the future (episodic foresight/episodic future thinking). The term was coined by Thomas Suddendorf and Michael Corballis, [1] building on Endel Tulving's work on episodic memory. [2]
Episodic memory is the memory of everyday events (such as times, location geography, associated emotions, and other contextual information) that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at particular times and places; for example, the party on one's 7th birthday. [ 1 ]
The information stored here can stay for many years. Long-term memory can be divided between semantic, episodic, and procedural memories. [3] Semantic memory is made up of facts or information learned or obtained throughout life. Episodic memory concerns personal experiences or real events that have happened in a person's life. [5]
The activity in the amygdala is part of the episodic memory that was being created due to the adverse stimuli. [10] Most recently, an intracranial EEG study found that the amygdala triggered more pronounced hippocampal sharp-wave ripples after the encoding of more arousing experiences, which are believed to play a critical role in memory ...
Studies comparing the effects of aging on episodic memory, semantic memory, short-term memory and priming find that episodic memory is especially impaired in normal aging; some types of short-term memory are also impaired. [9] The deficits may be related to impairments seen in the ability to refresh recently processed information. [10]
Exceptional memory is the ability to have accurate and detailed recall in a variety of ways, including hyperthymesia, eidetic memory, synesthesia, and emotional memory. Exceptional memory is also prevalent in those with savant syndrome and mnemonists .
This principle plays a significant role in both the concept of context-dependent memory and the concept of state-dependent memory. Examples of the use of the encoding specificity principle include; studying in the same room as an exam is taken and the recall of information when intoxicated being easier when intoxicated again.