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A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical data with rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. A vertical bar chart is sometimes called a column chart and has been identified as the prototype of charts. [1] A bar graph ...
Any non-linear differentiable function, (,), of two variables, and , can be expanded as + +. If we take the variance on both sides and use the formula [11] for the variance of a linear combination of variables (+) = + + (,), then we obtain | | + | | +, where is the standard deviation of the function , is the standard deviation of , is the standard deviation of and = is the ...
Pearson himself noted in 1895 that although the term "histogram" was new, the type of graph it designates was "a common form of graphical representation". [5] In fact the technique of using a bar graph to represent statistical measurements was devised by the Scottish economist , William Playfair , in his Commercial and political atlas (1786).
The graph discrepancy index, also known as the graph distortion index (GDI), was originally proposed by Paul John Steinbart in 1998. GDI is calculated as a percentage ranging from −100% to positive infinity, with zero percent indicating that the graph has been properly constructed and anything outside the ±5% margin is considered to be ...
A funnel plot is a graph designed to check for the existence of publication bias; funnel plots are commonly used in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. In the absence of publication bias, it assumes that studies with high precision will be plotted near the average, and studies with low precision will be spread evenly on both sides of the ...
Tanner proved the following bounds Let be the rate of the resulting linear code, let the degree of the digit nodes be and the degree of the subcode nodes be .If each subcode node is associated with a linear code (n,k) with rate r = k/n, then the rate of the code is bounded by