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Direction shown by smoke drift but not by wind vanes 2 Light breeze 4–6 knots 4–7 mph 6–11 km/h 1.6–3.3 m/s 1–2 ft 0.3–0.6 m Small wavelets still short but more pronounced; crests have a glassy appearance but do not break Wind felt on face; leaves rustle; wind vane moved by wind 3 Gentle breeze 7–10 knots 8–12 mph 12–19 km/h
Vertical wind-speed profiles result in different wind speeds at the blades nearest to the ground level compared to those at the top of blade travel, which results in asymmetric load. [27] The wind gradient can create a large bending moment in the shaft of a two-bladed turbine when the blades are vertical. [ 28 ]
The fastest wind speed not related to tornadoes ever recorded was during the passage of Tropical Cyclone Olivia on 10 April 1996: an automatic weather station on Barrow Island, Australia, registered a maximum wind gust of 113.3 m/s (408 km/h; 253 mph; 220.2 kn; 372 ft/s) [6] [7] The wind gust was evaluated by the WMO Evaluation Panel, who found ...
When estimating wind loads on structures the terrains may be described as suburban or dense urban, for which the ranges are typically 0.1-0.5 m and 1-5 m respectively. [ 2 ] In order to estimate the mean wind speed at one height ( z 2 {\displaystyle {{z}_{2}}} ) based on that at another ( z 1 {\displaystyle {{z}_{1}}} ), the formula would be ...
Roughness length is a parameter used in modeling the horizontal mean wind speed near the ground. In wind vertical profile such the log wind profile, the roughness length (with dimension of length and SI unit of metres) is equivalent to the height at which the wind speed theoretically becomes zero in the absence of wind-slowing obstacles and ...
These warnings use a 1-minute sustained wind speed and can be compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, however, regardless of intensity in this basin the JTWC labels all systems as tropical cyclones with TC numbers (plus any parenthesized names or placeholders, like typhoons and North Indian Ocean cyclones above). [18]
A V-n diagram showing V S (stall speed at 1G), V C (corner/maneuver speed) and V D (dive speed) A chart of velocity versus load factor (or V-n diagram) is another way of showing limits of aircraft performance. It shows how much load factor can be safely achieved at different airspeeds. [3]
The wind triangle is a vector diagram, with three vectors. The air vector represents the motion of the aircraft through the airmass. It is described by true airspeed and true heading. The wind vector represents the motion of the airmass over the ground. It is described by wind speed and the inverse of wind direction.