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Chloroplast. Chloroplasts contain several important membranes, vital for their function. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have a double-membrane envelope, called the chloroplast envelope, but unlike mitochondria, chloroplasts also have internal membrane structures called thylakoids. Furthermore, one or two additional membranes may enclose ...
A chloroplast (/ ˈklɔːrəˌplæst, - plɑːst /) 1 2 is a type of organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which capture the energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy and release oxygen.
Chloroplasts in leaf cells of the moss Mnium stellare. Plant anatomy or phytotomy is the general term for the study of the internal structure of plants.Originally, it included plant morphology, the description of the physical form and external structure of plants, but since the mid-20th century, plant anatomy has been considered a separate field referring only to internal plant structure.
File:Chloroplast diagram.svg. Size of this PNG preview of this SVG file: 800 × 566 pixels. Other resolutions: 320 × 226 pixels | 640 × 453 pixels | 1,024 × 724 pixels | 1,280 × 905 pixels | 2,560 × 1,810 pixels | 1,052 × 744 pixels. This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. Information from its description page there is shown below.
Chloroplasts also need to balance the ratios of photosystem I and II for the electron transfer chain. The redox state of the electron carrier plastoquinone in the thylakoid membrane directly affects the transcription of chloroplast genes encoding proteins of the reaction centers of the photosystems, thus counteracting imbalances in the electron ...
To use this stored chemical energy, an organism's cells metabolize the organic compounds through cellular respiration. Photosynthesis plays a critical role in producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and it supplies most of the biological energy necessary for complex life on Earth.
Diagram of the plant cell, with the cell wall in green. Cell walls serve similar purposes in those organisms that possess them. They may give cells rigidity and strength, offering protection against mechanical stress. The chemical composition and mechanical properties of the cell wall are linked with plant cell growth and morphogenesis. [11]
File:Chloroplast structure.svg. Size of this PNG preview of this SVG file: 800 × 560 pixels. Other resolutions: 320 × 224 pixels | 640 × 448 pixels | 1,024 × 717 pixels | 1,280 × 896 pixels | 2,560 × 1,792 pixels | 1,000 × 700 pixels. This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. Information from its description page there is shown below.