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In mathematics, the logarithm to base b is the inverse function of exponentiation with base b. That means that the logarithm of a number x to the base b is the exponent to which b must be raised to produce x. For example, since 1000 = 103, the logarithm base of 1000 is 3, or log10 (1000) = 3.
The natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of the mathematical constant e, which is an irrational and transcendental number approximately equal to 2.718 281 828 459. [1] The natural logarithm of x is generally written as ln x, log e x, or sometimes, if the base e is implicit, simply log x.
The real part of log (z) is the natural logarithm of |z|. Its graph is thus obtained by rotating the graph of ln (x) around the z -axis. In mathematics, a complex logarithm is a generalization of the natural logarithm to nonzero complex numbers. The term refers to one of the following, which are strongly related: A complex logarithm of a ...
ln (r) is the standard natural logarithm of the real number r. Arg (z) is the principal value of the arg function; its value is restricted to (−π, π]. It can be computed using Arg (x + iy) = atan2 (y, x). Log (z) is the principal value of the complex logarithm function and has imaginary part in the range (−π, π].
Common logarithm. A graph of the common logarithm of numbers from 0.1 to 100. In mathematics, the common logarithm is the logarithm with base 10. [1] It is also known as the decadic logarithm and as the decimal logarithm, named after its base, or Briggsian logarithm, after Henry Briggs, an English mathematician who pioneered its use, as well as ...
Discrete logarithm. The problem of inverting exponentiation in finite groups. In mathematics, for given real numbers a and b, the logarithm log b a is a number x such that bx = a. Analogously, in any group G, powers bk can be defined for all integers k, and the discrete logarithm log b a is an integer k such that bk = a.
The notation convention chosen here (with W 0 and W −1) follows the canonical reference on the Lambert W function by Corless, Gonnet, Hare, Jeffrey and Knuth. [3]The name "product logarithm" can be understood as this: Since the inverse function of f(w) = e w is called the logarithm, it makes sense to call the inverse "function" of the product we w as "product logarithm".
The logarithm of 2 in other bases is obtained with the formula. The common logarithm in particular is (OEIS: A007524) log 10 2 ≈ 0.301 029 995 663 981 195. {\displaystyle \log _ {10}2\approx 0.301\,029\,995\,663\,981\,195.} The inverse of this number is the binary logarithm of 10: (OEIS: A020862). By the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem ...