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Sociologist Robert N. Bellah (Beyond Belief) argues that Islam in its 7th-century origins was, for its time and place, "remarkably modern...in the high degree of commitment, involvement, and participation expected from the rank-and-file members of the community". This because, he argues, that Islam emphasized the equality of all Muslims.
Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Islamic religion, which is based on the Quran, ḥadīth literature, and sunnah (accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad), [1] [2] and elements of political movements and tendencies followed by Muslims or Islamic states throughout the history of Islam. [3]
Islamic modernism is a movement that has been described as "the first Muslim ideological response to the Western cultural challenge", [Note 1] attempting to reconcile the Islamic faith with values perceived as modern such as democracy, civil rights, rationality, equality, and progress. [2]
The history of Islam is believed by most historians [1] to have originated with Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, [2] [3] although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the Abrahamic prophets, such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus, with the submission (Islām) to the will of God.
Islam and modernity is a topic of discussion in contemporary sociology of religion.The history of Islam chronicles different interpretations and approaches. Modernity is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon rather than a unified and coherent one.
Martin Kramer was one of the first experts to start using the term political Islam in 1980. In 2003, he stated that political Islam can also be seen as tautology because nowhere in the Muslim world is a religion separated from politics. [5] [6] Some experts use terms like Islamism, pointing out the same set of occurrences or they confuse both ...
The metaphor of a golden age began to be applied in 19th-century literature about Islamic history, in the context of the western aesthetic fashion known as Orientalism.The author of a Handbook for Travelers in Syria and Palestine in 1868 observed that the most beautiful mosques of Damascus were "like Mohammedanism itself, now rapidly decaying" and relics of "the golden age of Islam".
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-511622-4. Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism, edited by Omid Safi. "Debating Moderate Islam", edited by M. A. Muqtedar Khan. Qur'an, Liberation and Pluralism by Farid Esack. Revival and Reform in Islam by Fazlur Rahman Malik.