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The Government of the Republic of the Rif was established on 18 September 1921 when the Riffian Tribes, led by Abd el-Krim, beat Spain in the Battle of Annual during the Rif War and created the Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif. The Republic of the Rif is considered the first-ever independent non-monarchical modern Amazigh state.
The Battle of Annual was fought on 22 July 1921 at Annual, in northeastern Morocco, between the Spanish Army and Rifian Berbers during the Rif War.The Spanish suffered a major military defeat, which is almost always referred to by the Spanish as the Disaster of Annual (Spanish: Desastre de Annual) which is widely considered to be the worst defeat suffered by the modern Spanish Army.
The Moroccan independence president Abd el-Krim (1882–1963) organized an armed revolution, the Rif War, against the Spanish and French colonial control of Morocco. The Spanish had faced unrest off and on from the 1890s, but in 1921 Spanish colonial troops were massacred at the Battle of Annual .
Rif mountains in the province of Ashawen Moroccan Mediterranean coast – aerial view west from Bades over El Jebha to Tétouan with Rif mountains, Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima (2014) According to C. Michael Hogan, there are between five and eight separate subpopulations of the endangered primate Barbary macaque , Macaca sylvanus . [ 14 ]
The Rif region is largely of Berber origin. Of the 55 Rif tribes, 47 of them are of Berber and/or Arabized Berber origin (although some of these tribes contain a minority of Arab sub-tribes), and only 8 Rif tribes are Arabs not of Berber origin (including the tribes of Oulad Mansour, Oulad Sghir, La'thamna, Banu Sahil, Kholout, Gharbiya, Anjara, and Oulad Stout).
The Rif region has a long-standing history of rebellion against government control and distrust towards Moroccan central authorities.. In the summer of 1921, Rif tribal fighters, defeated the Spanish army who attempted to take control over the region, killing more than 10,000 of their troops at the Battle of Anual, representing the largest lost suffered in a single day by any colonial force in ...
Spanish newspaper La Correspondencia de España published an article called Cartas de un soldado (Letters of a soldier) on August 16, 1923 which backed the usage of mustard gas. [ 15 ] According to military aviation general Hidalgo de Cisneros in his autobiographical book Cambio de rumbo , [ 17 ] he was the first warfighter to drop a 100 ...
During the Rif War of 1921-1926, the leadership of the Ait Waryaghar was concentrated in the Al-Khattabi family and, in particular, in Muhammad bin Abd el-Krim al-Khattabi. Its centre was the small locality of Ajdir in the bay of Al Hoceima .