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In electronics and telecommunications, jitter is the deviation from true periodicity of a presumably periodic signal, often in relation to a reference clock signal. In clock recovery applications it is called timing jitter. [1] Jitter is a significant, and usually undesired, factor in the design of almost all communications links.
For example, UI is used to measure timing jitter in serial communications or in on-chip clock distributions. This measurement unit is extensively used in jitter literature. Examples can be found in various ITU-T Recommendations, [ 1 ] or in the tutorial from Ransom Stephens.
The counter implementation's accuracy is limited by the clock frequency. If time is measured by whole counts, then the resolution is limited to the clock period. For example, a 10 MHz clock has a resolution of 100 ns. To get resolution finer than a clock period, there are time interpolation circuits. [6]
It is used to specify clock stability requirements in telecommunications standards. [1] MTIE measurements can be used to detect clock instability that can cause data loss on a communications channel. [ 2 ]
The most straightforward scheme uses a digital counter and a free-running crystal oscillator to time intervals with 1-clock ambiguity, resulting in output edge jitter of one clock period peak-to-peak relative to an asynchronous trigger. This technique is used in the Quantum Composers and Berkeley Nucleonics instruments.
Most frequency counters work by using a counter, which accumulates the number of events occurring within a specific period of time.After a preset period known as the gate time (1 second, for example), the value in the counter is transferred to a display, and the counter is reset to zero.
Clock synchronization is a topic in computer science and engineering that aims to coordinate otherwise independent clocks. Even when initially set accurately, real clocks will differ after some amount of time due to clock drift , caused by clocks counting time at slightly different rates.
Snap, [6] or jounce, [2] is the fourth derivative of the position vector with respect to time, or the rate of change of the jerk with respect to time. [4] Equivalently, it is the second derivative of acceleration or the third derivative of velocity, and is defined by any of the following equivalent expressions: = ȷ = = =.