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The gas burner has many applications such as soldering, brazing, and welding, the latter using oxygen instead of air for producing a hotter flame, which is required for melting steel. Chemistry laboratories use natural-gas fueled Bunsen burners. In domestic and commercial settings gas burners are commonly used in gas stoves and cooktops.
The Inca bronze alloys were also of this type. Arsenic is often an impurity in copper ores, so the discovery could have been made by accident. Eventually, arsenic-bearing minerals were intentionally added during smelting. [citation needed] Copper–tin bronzes, harder and more durable, were developed around 3500 BC, also in Asia Minor. [15]
While the INCO flash furnace at Sudbury was the first commercial use of oxygen flash smelting, [6] fewer smelters use the INCO flash furnace than the Outokumpu flash furnace. [4] Flash smelting with oxygen-enriched air (the 'reaction gas') makes use of the energy contained in the concentrate to supply most of the energy required by the furnaces.
[1] [2] [3] Induction furnace capacities range from less than one kilogram to one hundred tons, and are used to melt iron and steel, copper, aluminum, and precious metals. The advantage of the induction furnace is a clean, energy-efficient and well-controlled melting process, compared to most other means of metal melting.
Ideally, the melt rate stays constant throughout the process cycle, but monitoring and control of the vacuum arc remelting process is not simple. [5] This is because there is a complex heat transfer occurring involving conduction, radiation, convection within the liquid metal, and advection caused by the Lorentz force .
MAPP gas can be used at much higher pressures than acetylene, sometimes up to 40 or 50 psi in high-volume oxy-fuel cutting torches which can cut up to 12-inch-thick (300 mm) steel. Other welding gases that develop comparable temperatures need special procedures for safe shipping and handling.
Cast iron is made from pig iron, which is the product of melting iron ore in a blast furnace. Cast iron can be made directly from the molten pig iron or by re-melting pig iron, [4] often along with substantial quantities of iron, steel, limestone, carbon (coke) and taking various steps to remove undesirable contaminants.
Fluid. Capable of bridging larger gaps than pure copper (up to 0.7 mm in extreme cases). 97: 3: 0.05: Cu 99 Ag 1: Cu 1070/1080 [1] – CU 106. Slightly lower melting point than pure copper. More expensive due to silver content. Rarely used now. Can be used after CU 105 in step brazing. 99: 1: Cu 95 Sn 4.7 P 0.3: Cu–Sn 953/1048 [26] – CDA ...