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A live attenuated varicella vaccine, the Oka strain, was developed by Michiaki Takahashi and his colleagues in Japan in the early 1970s. [41] In 1995, Merck & Co. licensed the "Oka" strain of the varicella virus in the United States, and Maurice Hilleman's team at Merck invented a varicella vaccine in the same year. [42] [43] [44]
An epidemic of a new variant of clade I mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), called clade 1b, [2] began in Central Africa at least as early as September 2023. [3] [4] As of September 2024, more than 29,000 cases have been reported, with over 800 fatalities (~3% fatality rate), [1] nearly all in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. [5]
A live attenuated varicella vaccine, the Oka strain, was developed by Michiaki Takahashi and his colleagues in Japan in the early 1970s. [15] American vaccinologist Maurice Hilleman's team developed a chickenpox vaccine in the United States in 1981, based on the "Oka strain" of the varicella virus.
The strain of mpox causing international concern is different than the one that spread in 2022. ... 2024 at 1:38 PM. ... more than 1,200 people have died — which puts the fatality rate at just ...
Mpox (/ ˈ ɛ m p ɒ k s /, EM-poks; formerly known as monkeypox) [7] is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and other animals. Symptoms include a rash that forms blisters and then crusts over, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
A reemergence of the disease in the DRC in 1996 also saw a large number of reported but not all laboratory confirmed cases, with a high transmission rate and lower fatality rate; leading experts to believe a significant number may have actually been chicken pox. [9] [12] Some likely had both mpox and chickenpox at the same time. [5]
The mutation rate in poxvirus genomes has been estimated to be 0.9–1.2 x 10 −6 substitutions per site per year. [20] A second estimate puts this rate at 0.5–7 × 10 −6 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. [21] A third estimate places the rate at 4–6 × 10 −6. [22]
H5-2.3.4.4b can be prevented by vaccination in chickens. In China, The H5-Re14 (2.3.4.4b) strain used in updated vaccines since 2022 is a reasonably good match for the new virus. [11] In May 2024, Penn Medicine announced it had created a human avian flu vaccine on the same platform as its COVID-19 vaccine.