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Citric acid is an alpha hydroxy acid and is an active ingredient in chemical skin peels. [36] Citric acid is commonly used as a buffer to increase the solubility of brown heroin. [37] Citric acid is used as one of the active ingredients in the production of facial tissues with antiviral properties. [38]
Citrique Belge or Citric Belge, located in Tienen is a Belgian biotech company and one of the biggest producers of citric acid. The company has a production capacity of 120,000 tonnes of citric acid per year. [1] In 2020 it employed 340 people. [2]
The system is responsible for the transportation of malate into the mitochondrial matrix to serve as an intermediate in the Krebs cycle and the transportation of citrate into the cytosol for secretion in Aspergillus niger, [4] a fungus used in the commercial production of citric acid.
In addition to the mass production of fermented foods and drinks, industrial fermentation has widespread applications in chemical industry. Commodity chemicals, such as acetic acid, citric acid, and ethanol are made by fermentation. [1]
Pfizer imported the compound from Italy for the manufacture of citric acid, and due to the disruption in supply, the company began a search for an alternative. [12] They found this in the form of a fungus capable of fermenting sugar to citric acid. By 1919, the company was able to commercialize production of citric acid from this source. [12]
The production of citric acid (CA) is achieved by growing strains of A. niger in a nutrient rich medium that includes high concentrations of sugar and mineral salts and an acidic pH of 2.5-3.5. [27] Many microorganisms produce CA, but Aspergillus niger produces more than 1 million metric tons of CA annually via a fungal fermentation process. [28]
It is also used as an anticoagulant for laboratory testing, in that blood samples are collected into sodium citrate-containing tubes for tests such as the PT (INR), APTT, and fibrinogen levels. Sodium citrate is used in medical contexts as an alkalinizing agent in place of sodium bicarbonate, [2] to neutralize excess acid in the blood and urine ...
Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.All genomes sequenced to date encode enzymes that use coenzyme A as a substrate, and around 4% of cellular enzymes use it (or a thioester) as a substrate.