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British foreign policy in the Middle East has involved multiple considerations, particularly over the last two and a half centuries. These included maintaining access to British India, blocking Russian or French threats to that access, protecting the Suez Canal, supporting the declining Ottoman Empire against Russian threats, guaranteeing an oil supply after 1900 from Middle East fields ...
Alliance intended to maintain British influence in the Near East. 1956: In the Suez Crisis Egypt nationalised the Suez Canal, a vital waterway carrying most of Europe's oil from the Middle East. Britain and France, in league with Israel, invaded to seize the canal and overthrow President Nasser.
The main themes of British foreign policy included a leading role at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920, where Lloyd George worked hard to moderate French demands for revenge on Germany. [2] He was partly successful, but Britain soon had to moderate French policy toward Germany further, as in the Locarno Treaties of 1925.
Protecting British interests and trade in regions outside of Europe, including China, the Middle East, and Latin America. This involved military interventions, diplomatic pressure, and efforts to maintain open markets. Before 1900, a "splendid isolation" with no permanent alliances. After 1900, informal alliance with France in defence of France ...
The world noted Britain's fall from status in the Middle East and worldwide. Anglo-American cooperation fell to the lowest point since the 1890s. [131] [132] [133] However, the new prime minister Harold Macmillan (1957–1963) restored good terms with Eisenhower and President John F. Kennedy (1961–1963).
British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson meets Saudi Arabian Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir. In December 2016, British government research revealed that British-made cluster bombs had been used by the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen. [26] This was confirmed by the Saudi Arabian government in the same month. [27]
Britain and the Middle East: From Earliest Times to 1963 (1964) popular history by a diplomat; Galbraith, John S. "British policy on railways in Persia, 1870–1900." Middle Eastern Studies 25.4 (1989): 480-505 covers "Reuter Concession"; online; Galbraith, John S. "Britain and American Railway Promoters in Late Nineteenth Century Persia."
British Residency of the Persian Gulf headquarters in Bushehr in 1902.. The Persian Gulf Residency (Arabic: المقيمية السياسية البريطانية في الخليج الفارسي [citation needed]) was a subdivision of the British Empire from 1822 until 1971, whereby the United Kingdom maintained varying degrees of political and economic control over several states in the ...