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Deviation of the "true" period of a pendulum from the small-angle approximation of the period. "True" value was obtained numerically evaluating the elliptic integral. Figure 4. Relative errors using the power series for the period. Figure 5. Potential energy and phase portrait of a simple pendulum.
The period increases asymptotically (to infinity) as θ 0 approaches π radians (180°), because the value θ 0 = π is an unstable equilibrium point for the pendulum. The true period of an ideal simple gravity pendulum can be written in several different forms (see pendulum (mechanics)), one example being the infinite series: [11] [12
Approximate period of a simple pendulum with small amplitude: T ≈ 2 π L g {\displaystyle T\approx 2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {L}{g}}}} Exact period of a simple pendulum with amplitude θ 0 {\displaystyle \theta _{0}} ( agm {\displaystyle \operatorname {agm} } is the arithmetic–geometric mean ):
A mass m attached to a spring of spring constant k exhibits simple harmonic motion in closed space. The equation for describing the period: = shows the period of oscillation is independent of the amplitude, though in practice the amplitude should be small. The above equation is also valid in the case when an additional constant force is being ...
The period and frequency are determined by the size of the mass m and the force constant k, while the amplitude and phase are determined by the starting position and velocity. The velocity and acceleration of a simple harmonic oscillator oscillate with the same frequency as the position, but with shifted phases. The velocity is maximal for zero ...
When calculating the period of a simple pendulum, the small-angle approximation for sine is used to allow the resulting differential equation to be solved easily by comparison with the differential equation describing simple harmonic motion.
A seconds pendulum is a pendulum whose period is precisely two seconds; one second for a swing in one direction and one second for the return swing, a frequency of 0.5 Hz. [ 1 ] Pendulum
We wish to determine the period of small oscillations in a simple pendulum. It will be assumed that it is a function of the length L , {\displaystyle L,} the mass M , {\displaystyle M,} and the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth g , {\displaystyle g,} which has dimensions of length divided by time squared.