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  2. Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the...

    The Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (Arabic: فَتْحُ الأَنْدَلُس, romanized: fatḥu l-andalus; 711–720s), also known as the Arab conquest of Spain, [1] was the Umayyad conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania in the early 8th century.

  3. Al-Andalus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus

    Literacy in Islamic Iberia was far more widespread than in many other nations in the West of the time. [132] In the 11th century, the Hindu-Arabic numeral system (base 10) had reached Europe via Al-Andalus through Spanish Muslims, together with knowledge of astronomy and instruments like the astrolabe, which was first imported by Gerbert of ...

  4. Islam in Spain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Spain

    Islamic rule of the Iberian peninsula lasted for varying periods of time, which ranged from only 28 years in the extreme northwest (Galicia) to 781 years in the area which surrounded the city of Granada in the southeast. This Empire added contributions to society such as libraries, schools, public bathrooms, literature, poetry, and architecture.

  5. Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Muslim...

    1151 – The Almohads, another more conservative African Muslim dynasty who have displaced the Almoravids, retake Almería. Jews and Mozárabes (Christians in Muslim lands) flee to the northern Christian kingdoms of Spain, or to Africa and the East, including Rambam. King Afonso I of Portugal tries and fails to take Alcácer do Sal from the Moors.

  6. Umayyad state of Córdoba - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_state_of_Córdoba

    The Emirate of Córdoba, from 929, the Caliphate of Córdoba, was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031. Its territory comprised most of the Iberian Peninsula (known to Muslims as al-Andalus), the Balearic Islands, and parts of North Africa, with its capital in Córdoba (at the time Qurṭubah).

  7. Reconquista - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista

    Detail of the Cantiga #63 (13th century), which deals with a late 10th-century battle in San Esteban de Gormaz involving the troops of Count García and Almanzor. [1]The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for ' reconquest ') [a] or the reconquest of al-Andalus [b] was a series of military and cultural campaigns that European Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim kingdoms following the ...

  8. Social and cultural exchange in al-Andalus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_and_cultural...

    The Islamic law scholar Felipe Maíllo Salgado has pointed out that in the Middle East the social inequality of the mawali (pl. of mawla: a non-Arab convert to Islam, often a former slave, who remains linked as a “client” to his Arab Muslim “protector” in a relationship of allegiance and “protection”) gave rise to a movement that ...

  9. Moors - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors

    In the Philippines, the longstanding Muslim community, which predates the arrival of the Spanish, now self-identifies as the "Moro people", an exonym introduced by Spanish colonizers due to their Muslim faith. In 711, troops mostly formed by Moors from northern Africa led the Umayyad conquest of Hispania.