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The minimum distance d is the distance along a great circle that runs through s and t. It is calculated in a plane that contains the sphere center and the great circle, , =, where θ is the angular distance of two points viewed from the center of the sphere, measured in radians.
A time–distance diagram is a chart with two axes: one for time, the other for location. The units on either axis depend on the type of project: time can be expressed in minutes (for overnight construction of railroad modification projects such as the installation of switches) or years (for large construction projects); the location can be (kilo)meters, or other distinct units (such as ...
Using one of these short rest periods would effectively "stop the on-duty clock", allowing the driver to split the 15-hour on-duty time limit into two parts as well. These rules allowed for 10 hours of work within a 15-hour time limit, and 8 hours of rest within an 18-hour day. [2]
At 250 km/h the tracks have a centre-to-centre distance of 4.5 m (15 ft) (while the first tracks in the 1980s were built with a distance of 4.7 m (15 ft)). The TGV track construction puts both rail tracks into a common concrete block, so they can disregard a safety margin for track displacement.
The shortest distance between two geographical points is the great-circle distance. In the example (right), the aircraft travelling westward from North America to Japan is following a great-circle route extending northward towards the Arctic region.
Travel-time curve is a graph showing the relationship between the distance from the epicenter to the observation point and the travel time. [2] [3] Travel-time curve is drawn when the vertical axis of the graph is the travel time and the horizontal axis is the epicenter distance of each observation point. [4] [5] [6] By examining the travel ...
Targeting air travel. Between 2013 and 2018, the amount of CO₂ emitted by commercial aircraft worldwide increased by 32%.Improvements in fuel efficiency are slowly reducing per passenger emissions.
In the maximum metric, the distance between two points is the maximum of the absolute values of differences of their x- and y-coordinates. The last two metrics appear, for example, in routing a machine that drills a given set of holes in a printed circuit board. The Manhattan metric corresponds to a machine that adjusts first one coordinate ...