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The pharmacokinetics of lithium orotate in human brains is poorly documented, and there is no known mechanism by which orotate ions could alter the pharmacokinetics of dissociated lithium ions, however, lithium intake appears to be effective even at low doses, and this may account for lithium orotate's claimed effectiveness. [10] [11] [12]
Teratogenicity is affected by trimester and dose of Lithium. Most significantly affecting first-trimester cardiac development with greater effects at higher doses. [80] [81] [82] As the risks of stopping Lithium can be significant, patients are sometimes recommended to stay on this medicine while pregnant.
The most common side effects are lethargy and weight gain. The less common side effects of using lithium are blurred vision, a slight tremble in the hands, and a feeling of being mildly ill. In general, these side effects occur in the first few weeks after commencing lithium treatment. These symptoms can often be improved by lowering the dose. [4]
The median effective dose is the dose that produces a quantal effect (all or nothing) in 50% of the population that takes it (median referring to the 50% population base). [6] It is also sometimes abbreviated as the ED 50, meaning "effective dose for 50% of the population". The ED50 is commonly used as a measure of the reasonable expectancy of ...
In addition, the drug dose-dependently increases hippocampal volume in mice. [1] [12] In one study, there was an approximate 36% increase at 10 mg/kg and an approximate 66% increase at 30 mg/kg. [12] [31] There appears to be a bell-shaped dose–response curve, with 100 mg/kg being less effective than 30 mg/kg in stimulating hippocampal volume.
Orotic acid is a Bronsted acid and its conjugate base, the orotate anion, is able to bind to metals. Lithium orotate, for example, has been investigated for use in treating alcoholism, [4] [5] and complexes of cobalt, manganese, nickel, and zinc are known. [6]