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Surface weather observations are the fundamental data used for safety as well as climatological reasons to forecast weather and issue warnings worldwide. [1] They can be taken manually, by a weather observer, by computer through the use of automated weather stations , or in a hybrid scheme using weather observers to augment the otherwise ...
A surface weather analysis for the United States on October 21, 2006. By that time, Tropical Storm Paul was active (Paul later became a hurricane). Surface weather analysis is a special type of weather map that provides a view of weather elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground-based weather stations.
Initial efforts to create surface weather analyses began in the mid-19th century by using surface weather observations to analyze isobars, isotherms, and display temperature and cloud cover. By the mid-20th century, much more information was being placed upon the station models plotted on weather maps and surface fronts, per the Norwegian ...
The most common station plots depict surface weather observations although upper air plots at various mandatory levels are also frequently depicted. Station model plots use an internationally accepted coding convention that has changed little since August 1, 1941.
Integrated Surface Database (ISD) is global database compiled by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) comprising hourly and synoptic surface observations compiled globally from ~35,500 weather stations; it is updated, automatically, hourly.
Most automated weather stations also have discrete phone numbers to retrieve real-time observations over the phone or through a modem. In the United States, the AWOS/ASOS data acquisition system (ADAS), a computer system run by the FAA, polls the systems remotely, accessing the observations and disseminating them worldwide electronically in ...
Alaska holds the all-time U.S. record. The mercury plummeted to 80 degrees below zero on Jan. 23, 1971, in Prospect Creek, north of Fairbanks.
The Citizen Weather Observer Program is a program to collect surface weather observations from thousands of privately operated weather stations, into the FindU database, and forward it to the Meteorological Assimilation Data Ingest System (MADIS Archived 2009-03-12 at the Wayback Machine), operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).