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Although recognition of previously-studied words through a recognition memory test, in which the words are re-presented for a memory judgment, generally yields a greater response probability than the recall of previously studied words through a recall test, in which the words must be mentally retrieved from memory, Tulving found that this ...
Recognition rather than recall: Minimize the user's memory load by making objects, actions, and options visible. The user should not have to remember information from one part of the dialogue to another.
State-dependent memory is one example of encoding specificity. If an individual encodes information while intoxicated he or she, ideally, should match that state when attempting to recall the encoded information. This type of state-dependent effect is strongest with free recall rather than when strong retrieval cues are present. [16]
Recency effects are seen more with auditory stimuli rather than verbal stimuli as auditory presentation seems to protect the end of lists from output interference. [25] 3. Transposition gradients Transposition gradients refer to the fact that recall tends to be better to recognize what an item is rather than the order of items in a sequence. 4.
The generation effect has been found in studies using free recall, cued recall, and recognition tests. [3] In one study, the subject was provided with a stimulus word, the first letter of the response, and a word relating the two. For example, with the rule of the opposite, the stimulus word "hot", and the letter "c", the word cold would be ...
Higher frequency words are read faster than the low frequency words. [10] [11] [12] A fourth method of measuring the word frequency effect is accuracy. Accuracy is used for recognition memory and free recall. Participants recognise and recall items that are studied differing in frequency.
Furthermore, this paradigm allowed researchers to move past their reliance on recognition tests for false memories. Recall tests are better at showing false memories than recognition tests because subjects are required to access and recall the memory in full themselves, rather than being able to rely on some sense of familiarity.
For example, masked repetition priming, modality match during study and test, and the use of easy word-fragments in word-fragment recall are all perceptual manipulations which increase know responses. [15] An example of a conceptual manipulation which enhances know responses is when a prime item is semantically related to a target item. [15]