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Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic medication used to treat certain bacterial infections. [7] It is administered intravenously (injection into a vein) to treat complicated skin infections, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. [8]
Glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of drugs of microbial origin that are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides.Significant glycopeptide antibiotics include the anti-infective antibiotics vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, ramoplanin, avoparcin and decaplanin, corbomycin, complestatin and the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin.
Melarsoprol — a highly toxic antiprotozoal typically reserved for use only in late stages of the T. b. rhodesiense type of African trypanosomiasis, wherein it remains the only treatment. Its toxicity often results in polyneuropathy and reactive encephalopathy, resulting in death in around 5% of patients. [8]
Once-daily dosing of aminoglycoside is sufficient to achieve peak plasma concentration for a clinical response without kidney toxicity. Meanwhile, for antibiotics with low volume distribution (vancomycin, teicoplanin, colistin), a loading dose is required to achieve an adequate therapeutic level to fight infections.
Visual disturbance, liver toxicity. [7] Spiramycin: Rovamycine: Mouth infections: Fidaxomicin: Dificid: Treatment of Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile infection. [8] May be more narrow-spectrum than vancomycin, resulting in less bowel microbiota alteration. [9] Nausea (11%), vomiting, and abdominal pain. [10]
The antibiotic, rifaximin, has enabled the global emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium, or VRE, a superbug that frequently causes serious infections in hospitalised patients ...
Extravasation is the leakage of intravenously (IV) infused, and potentially damaging, medications into the extravascular tissue around the site of infusion. The leakage can occur through brittle veins in the elderly, through previous venipuncture access, or through direct leakage from wrongly positioned venous access devices.
Vancomycin is also used as an initial empirical treatment agent of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in locations where penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae is common. [12] This drug has other clinical uses, including endocarditis and respiratory tract infections caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).