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National economies can be run from the top down, so to speak, in what is sometimes called a command economy or they can be run from the bottom up in what is sometimes called a free market. In the ...
Planned economies contrast with command economies in that a planned economy is "an economic system in which the government controls and regulates production, distribution, prices, etc." [39] whereas a command economy necessarily has substantial public ownership of industry while also having this type of regulation. [40]
A centrally planned economy combines public ownership of the means of production with centralized state planning. This model is usually associated with the Soviet-type command economy. In a centrally planned economy, decisions regarding the quantity of goods and services to be produced are planned in advance by a planning agency.
Market structure makes it easier to understand the characteristics of diverse markets. The main body of the market is composed of suppliers and demanders. Both parties are equal and indispensable. The market structure determines the price formation method of the market.
In Marxian economics, the "commanding heights of the economy" are certain strategically important economic sectors. Some examples of industries considered to be part of the commanding heights include public utilities , natural resources , and sectors relating to both foreign trade and domestic trade .
The major institutions of Soviet-type planning in the Soviet Union (USSR) included a planning agency , an organization for allocating state supplies among the various organizations and enterprises in the economy and enterprises which were engaged in the production and delivery of goods and services in the economy. Enterprises comprised ...
There is often a strong correlation between certain ideologies, political systems and certain economic systems (for example, consider the meanings of the term "communism"). Many economic systems overlap each other in various areas (for example, the term "mixed economy" can be argued to include elements from various systems).
However, according to Dyker, the Soviet economy did have "extremely good" potential in the area of raw materials and mineral extraction, for example in the oil fields in Transcaucasia, and this, along with a small but growing manufacturing base, helped the Soviet Union avoid any kind of balance of payments problems. [57]