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  2. Difference of two squares - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_of_two_squares

    The resulting identity is one of the most commonly used in mathematics. Among many uses, it gives a simple proof of the AM–GM inequality in two variables. The proof holds in any commutative ring. Conversely, if this identity holds in a ring R for all pairs of elements a and b, then R is commutative. To see this, apply the distributive law to ...

  3. Just-noticeable difference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-noticeable_difference

    They make an impression of growing initially fast and then slower and slower (the difference between 10 and 20 seems larger than between 60 and 70). 2: Circles in the lower row grow in geometric progression: each one is larger by 40% than previous one. They make an impression of growing by the same amount at each step.

  4. Subtraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtraction

    The American method corrects for the increase of ten by reducing the digit in the minuend's hundreds place by one. That is, the 7 is struck through and replaced by a 6. The subtraction then proceeds in the hundreds place, where 6 is not less than 5, so the difference is written down in the result's hundred's place. We are now done, the result ...

  5. Explanation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanation

    The difference between explanations and arguments reflects a difference in the kind of question that arises. In the case of arguments, we start from a doubted fact, which we try to support by arguments. In the case of explanations, we start with an accepted fact, the question being why is this fact or what caused it.

  6. Comparison - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison

    Displaying the differences between two or more sets of data, file comparison tools can make computing simpler, and more efficient by focusing on new data and ignoring what did not change. Generically known as a diff [ 18 ] after the Unix diff utility , there are a range of ways to compare data sources and display the results.

  7. Mill's methods - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill's_Methods

    Also called the "Joint Method of Agreement and Difference", this principle is a combination of two methods of agreement. Despite the name, it is weaker than the direct method of difference and does not include it. Symbolically, the Joint method of agreement and difference can be represented as: A B C occur together with x y z

  8. If and only if - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_and_only_if

    The corresponding logical symbols are "", "", [6] and , [10] and sometimes "iff".These are usually treated as equivalent. However, some texts of mathematical logic (particularly those on first-order logic, rather than propositional logic) make a distinction between these, in which the first, ↔, is used as a symbol in logic formulas, while ⇔ is used in reasoning about those logic formulas ...

  9. Distinction without a difference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinction_without_a...

    A distinction without a difference is a type of logical fallacy where an author or speaker attempts to describe a distinction between two things where no discernible difference exists. [1] It is particularly used when a word or phrase has connotations associated with it that one party to an argument prefers to avoid.