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In the Goidelic languages, dependent and independent verb forms are distinct verb forms; each tense of each verb exists in both forms. Verbs are often preceded by a particle which marks negation, or a question, or has some other force. The dependent verb forms are used after a particle, while independent forms are used when the verb is not ...
Linguist and historian Peter Matthews observes that the assumption that determiners are distinct from adjectives is relatively new, "an innovation of … the early 1960s." [ 5 ] : 70 In 1892, prior to the emergence of the determiner category in English grammars, Leon Kellner , and later Jespersen, [ 8 ] discussed the idea of "determination" of ...
These languages have a high morpheme-to-word ratio, a highly regular morphology, and a tendency for verb forms to include morphemes that refer to several arguments besides the subject (polypersonalism). Another feature of polysynthetic languages is commonly expressed as "the ability to form words that are equivalent to whole sentences in other ...
people ba•lelapa of•family la•hae of•his ba•a•mo•ahlola they•judge•him Batho ba•lelapa la•hae ba•a•mo•ahlola people of•family of•his they•judge•him 'His family members judge him' Certain observations about the Sesotho word (and those of many other Bantu languages in general) may be made: Each word has one part of speech, which can usually be determined from ...
By late PIE, however, as the aspect system evolved, the need had arisen for verbs of a different aspect than that of the root. Several of the formations, which originally formed distinct verbs, gradually came to be used as "aspect switching" derivations, whose primary purpose was to create a verb of one aspect from a root of another aspect.
gizona -∅ the.man - ABS S etorri da has arrived VERB intrans gizona -∅ {etorri da} the.man -ABS {has arrived} S VERB intrans 'The man has arrived.' Gizonak mutila ikusi du. gizona -k the.man - ERG A mutila -∅ boy - ABS O ikusi du saw VERB trans gizona -k mutila -∅ {ikusi du} the.man -ERG boy -ABS saw A O VERB trans 'The man saw the boy.' In Basque, gizona is "the man" and mutila is ...
Other terms for the contrast lexical vs. grammatical include: situation vs. viewpoint and inner vs. outer. [10] [11] Lexical aspect, also known as Aktionsart, is an inherent property of a verb or verb-complement phrase, and is not marked formally. The distinctions made as part of lexical aspect are different from those of grammatical aspect.
Unboundedness and discrete infinity. In principle, language can have a countless amount of words in a sentence . Language is not a continuous notion, but rather discrete in the way that linguistic expressions are distinct units, such as a x word in a sentence, or a x +1 , x -l words, and not partial words, x .1, x.2 ... .