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Tubal factors cause 25-30% of infertility cases. [1] Tubal factor is one complication of chlamydia trachomatis infection in women. [2] Sexually transmitted chlamydia and genital mycoplasma infections are preventable causes of infertility and negative pregnancy outcomes. When the infections progress and ascend, they can result in TFI.
The rate of tubal infertility has been reported to be 12% after one, 23% after two, and 53% after three episodes of PID. [1] The fallopian tubes may also be occluded or disabled by endometritis , infections after childbirth and intra-abdominal infections including appendicitis and peritonitis .
During an infertility work-up a hysterosalpingogram, an X-ray procedure that uses a contrast agent to image the fallopian tubes, shows the retort-like shape of the distended tubes and the absence of spillage of the dye into the peritoneum. If, however, there is a tubal occlusion at the utero-tubal junction, a hydrosalpinx may go undetected.
Generally, diseases outlined within the ICD-10 codes N80-N98 within Chapter XIV: Diseases of the genitourinary system should be included in this category. Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.
Around 20 percent of women with PID develop infertility. [40] Even women who do not experience intense symptoms or are asymptomatic can become infertile. [ 41 ] This can be caused by the formation of scar tissue due to one or more episodes of PID, and can lead to tubal blockage.
Human genetic variants that likely cause dysregulation of critical meiotic processes have been identified in 14 female infertility associated genes. [53] A major cause of female infertility is premature ovarian insufficiency. [54] This insufficiency is a heterogeneous disease that affects about 1% of women who are under the age of 40. [54]
A number of causes may account for a hematosalpinx, by far the most common being a tubal pregnancy. Blood may also escape into the peritoneal cavity leading to a hemoperitoneum. A hematosalpinx can also be associated with endometriosis or tubal carcinoma.
Falloposcopy (occasionally also falloscopy [1]) is the inspection of the fallopian tubes through a micro- endoscope. [2] The falloposcope is inserted into the tube through its opening in the uterus at the proximal tubal opening via the uterotubal junction; technically it could also be inserted at the time of abdominal surgery or laparoscopy via the distal fimbriated end.