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Identical drugs can produce different results depending on the route of administration. For example, some drugs are not significantly absorbed into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract and their action after enteral administration is therefore different from that after parenteral administration.
Substance examples of long term effects as follows: Alcohol exposure has shown it could lead to poor growth. Tobacco exposure can make it more likely to get obese. Alcohol, nicotine, and opiate exposure have shown to lead to attention deficits. Nicotine and alcohol exposure affect learning and memory.
Administration can take place via enteral administration (absorption of the drug through the gastrointestinal tract) [2] or parenteral administration (generally injection, infusion, or implantation). [3] [4] Contrast with topical administration where the effect is generally local. [4]
Medical intervention Epidural administration A freshly inserted lumbar epidural catheter. The site has been prepared with tincture of iodine, and the dressing has not yet been applied. Depth markings may be seen along the shaft of the catheter. ICD-9-CM 03.90 MeSH D000767 OPS-301 code 8-910 [edit on Wikidata] Epidural administration (from Ancient Greek ἐπί, "upon" + dura mater) is a method ...
The drug travels by some route of administration (oral, topical-dermal, etc.) in a chosen dosage form (e.g., tablets, capsules, or in solution). [3] Absorption by some other routes, such as intravenous therapy , intramuscular injection , enteral nutrition , is even more straightforward and there is less variability in absorption and ...
It is important to note that the dosage of antibiotics used in children is typically weight-dependent. Generally, oral or parenteral cephalosporins are recommended as the first-line agent for children older than two months. [45] [46] Second-line therapy should be considered for patients who have poor response to first-line treatment ...
Drug use in the first trimester is the most harmful to the fetus in terms of neurological and developmental outcome. [38] The effects of PCE later in a child's life are poorly understood; as of 2010 , little information was available about the effects of in utero cocaine exposure on children over the age of five. [2]
The drug is stored in liquid or if unstable, lyophilized form. Many parenteral formulations are unstable at higher temperatures and require storage at refrigerated or sometimes frozen conditions. The logistics process of delivering these drugs to the patient is called the cold chain. The cold chain can interfere with delivery of drugs ...