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Doxylamine and other first-generation antihistamines are the most widely used sleep medications in the world. [6] Typical side effects of doxylamine (at recommended doses) include dizziness, drowsiness, grogginess, and dry mouth, among others. [7] [4] As an antihistamine, doxylamine is an inverse agonist of the histamine H 1 receptor.
In animal studies it was found to have low toxicity, although in rats evidence of pulmonary phospholipidosis occurred with pulmonary foam cells developing with long-term use of very high doses. [7] Its elimination half-life is 51–103 hours. [8] Its mechanism of action is similar to other benzodiazepines.
Opipramol is typically used in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and somatoform disorders. [3] [6] Preliminary studies suggest that opipramol shows potential clinical significance in the treatment of severe sleep bruxism. [9]
Etizolam powder. Pictured is roughly 150 mg; a standard dose is around 1 mg Etizex brand etizolam tablets. Etizolam (marketed under numerous brand names) is a thienodiazepine derivative [5] which is a benzodiazepine analog. [6]
One small study, which used a dose of 2 mg slow-release melatonin at bedtime, found that 50% of participants had “shortened nocturnal sleep duration, decreased sleep inertia, and relieved daytime sleepiness.” Other studies have shown that melatonin synchronizes the circadian rhythms, and improves the “onset, duration and quality of sleep.”
Etifoxine, sold under the trade name Stresam among others, is a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic agent, primarily indicated for short-term management of adjustment disorder, specifically instances of situational depression accompanied by anxiety, such as stress-induced anxiety. [2] [6] Administration is by mouth. [7]
Panic disorder is a mental and behavioral disorder, [5] specifically an anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring unexpected panic attacks. [1] Panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations , sweating, shaking, shortness of breath , numbness, or a feeling that something terrible is going to happen.
Nitrazepam in doses of 5 mg or more causes significant deterioration in vigilance performance combined with increased feelings of sleepiness. [32] Nitrazepam at doses of 5 mg or higher impairs driving skills [33] and like other hypnotic drugs, it is associated with an increased risk of traffic accidents. [34]