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The higher the energy density of the fuel, the more energy may be stored or transported for the same amount of volume. The energy of a fuel per unit mass is called its specific energy. The adjacent figure shows the gravimetric and volumetric energy density of some fuels and storage technologies (modified from the Gasoline article).
The reaction will proceed towards the lower energy - reducing for the blue curve, oxidizing for the red curve. The green curve illustrates equilibrium. The following derivation of the extended Butler–Volmer equation is adapted from that of Bard and Faulkner [3] and Newman and Thomas-Alyea. [5] For a simple unimolecular, one-step reaction of ...
The locus of these points (the inflection point within a G-x or G-c curve, Gibbs free energy as a function of composition) is known as the spinodal curve. [1] [2] [3] For compositions within this curve, infinitesimally small fluctuations in composition and density will lead to phase separation via spinodal decomposition.
For example, the log-normal, folded normal, and inverse normal distributions are defined as transformations of a normally-distributed value, but unlike the generalized normal and skew-normal families, these do not include the normal distributions as special cases.
The energy release re-accelerates the flow back to the local speed of sound. It can be shown fairly simply, from the one-dimensional gas equations for steady flow, that the reaction must cease at the sonic ("CJ") plane, or there would be discontinuously large pressure gradients at that point.
The total energy density U can be similarly calculated, except the integration is over the whole sphere and there is no cosine, and the energy flux (U c) should be divided by the velocity c to give the energy density U: = (,) Thus / is replaced by , giving an extra factor of 4.
Energy densities table Storage type Specific energy (MJ/kg) Energy density (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency % Arbitrary Antimatter: 89,875,517,874: depends on density: Deuterium–tritium fusion: 576,000,000 [1] Uranium-235 fissile isotope: 144,000,000 [1] 1,500,000,000
Ragone plot showing specific energy versus specific power for various energy-storing devices. A Ragone plot (/ r ə ˈ ɡ oʊ n iː / rə-GOH-nee) [1] is a plot used for comparing the energy density of various energy-storing devices. On such a chart the values of specific energy (in W·h/kg) are plotted versus specific power (in W/kg).