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Osteosclerosis is a disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of bone and an elevation in bone density. It may predominantly affect the medullary portion and/or cortex of bone. Plain radiographs are a valuable tool for detecting and classifying osteosclerotic disorders. [1] [2] It can manifest in localized or generalized osteosclerosis.
High bone density, Acro-osteolysis and obtuse mandibular angle are the characteristic radiological findings of this disorder. [10] Pycnodysostosis also causes problems that may become evident with time. Aside from the broken bones, the distal phalanges and the collar bone can undergo slow progressive deterioration.
Axial osteosclerosis, also known as osteomesopyknosis, is a bone disorder that causes osteosclerosis on the axial spine, pelvis and proximal part of the long bones. It is an autosomal-dominant disease. As of 2024, the exact causes were unknown. [1]
One of the principal causes of arterial stiffening with age is vascular calcification. Vascular calcification is the deposition of mineral in the form of calcium phosphate salts in the smooth muscle-rich medial layer of large arteries including the aorta. DNA damage, especially oxidative DNA damage, causes accelerated vascular calcification. [11]
Bone mineral density (BMD) is a measure commonly used to quantify bone health. A lower BMD value indicates an increased risk of an osteoporosis or a fracture. [13] There is a large range of factors influencing BMD. Protein consumption has shown to be beneficial for bone density by providing amino acid substrates necessary for bone matrix formation.
Other causes of bone diseases include severe impacts/injuries and weakness in bones/bone loss. The effects of bone disorders will vary with disease. The effects can occur physically, mentally and financially as well as impact the individuals quality of life. Orthopaedic disorders can drastically affect an individual's functional ability.
However, for male athletes, the situation is less clear, and although some studies have reported low bone density in elite male endurance athletes, [55] others have instead seen increased leg bone density. [56] [57] Heavy metals: A strong association between cadmium and lead with bone disease has been established. Low-level exposure to cadmium ...
Growth arrest lines, also known as Harris lines, are lines of increased bone density that represent the position of the growth plate at the time of insult to the organism and formed on long bones due to growth arrest. They are only visible by radiograph or in cross-section. The age at which the lines were formed can be estimated from a radiograph.