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Mastocytomas in dogs occur mainly in the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Very rarely, they are found in internal organs such as the small intestine, [5] the mucosa of the mouth, [6] the nasal mucosa [7] or the conjunctiva. [8] About 20% of all skin tumors [9] and 6% of all tumors [10] in dogs are mastocytomas.
These tumors can develop on the skin, subcutaneously, or on a blood vessel within an organ and are highly malignant. The tumors are most fatal when they rupture, causing the dog to suffer from severe loss of blood, or hypovolemia. [6] Dogs are one of three mammalian species that are known to suffer from a transmissible cancer. [7]
Mast cell tumor on lip of a dog. Veterinary oncology is a subspecialty of veterinary medicine that deals with cancer diagnosis and treatment in animals. Cancer is a major cause of death in pet animals. In one study, 45% of the dogs that reached 10 years of age or older died of cancer. [1]
Tumors that have spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body have a poor prognosis. Any dog showing symptoms of mastocytosis or with a grade III tumor has a poor prognosis. Dogs of the Boxer breed have a better than average prognosis because of the relatively benign behavior of their mast cell tumors. [10]
Dogs with hemangiosarcoma rarely show clinical signs until the tumor has become very large and has metastasized. Typically, clinical signs are due to hypovolemia after the tumor ruptures, causing extensive bleeding. Owners of the affected dogs often discover that the dog has hemangiosarcoma only after the dog collapses.
Squamous cell carcinoma* is a malignant tumor in dogs that most commonly occurs in the oral cavity, including the tongue, tonsils, and gingiva. Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 5 percent of skin tumors in dogs, and are the most common tumor of the toe. Dogs with unpigmented skin on the nose may develop this cancer from long-term sun exposure.
The symptoms depend on the tumor's location and degree of invasion. For example, tumors in the gastrointestinal tract may cause vomiting, diarrhea, or weight loss. Tumors in the mouth may cause bad breath, difficulty swallowing, or lack of appetite. Tumors arising in the peripheral nerves may cause pain, lameness, or neurological symptoms.
Dogs with B-lymphocyte tumors have a longer survival time than T-lymphocyte tumors. [1] Mediastinal lymphoma has a poorer prognosis than other types, especially those with hypercalcemia. [ 12 ] Clinical stage and substage have some prognostic value, with poorer prognosis associated with Stage V disease, and with substage b (clinical illness at ...