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Ground-level ozone (O 3), also known as surface-level ozone and tropospheric ozone, is a trace gas in the troposphere (the lowest level of the Earth's atmosphere), with an average concentration of 20–30 parts per billion by volume (ppbv), with close to 100 ppbv in polluted areas.
Ozone in the troposhere is determined by photochemical production and destruction, dry deposition and cross-tropopause transport of ozone from the stratosphere. [2] In the Arctic troposphere, transport and photochemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as a result of human emissions also produce ozone resulting in a background mixing ratio of 30 to 50 ...
When the Antarctic ozone hole breaks up each year, the ozone-depleted air drifts into nearby regions. Decreases in the ozone level of up to 10 percent have been reported in New Zealand in the month following the breakup of the Antarctic ozone hole, [185] with ultraviolet-B radiation intensities increasing by more than 15 percent since the 1970s.
Brewer–Dobson circulation directly impacts the distribution and abundance of stratospheric ozone by moving it from the tropics towards the poles. [1] This transport helps to explain why tropical air has less ozone than polar air, even though the tropical stratosphere is where most atmospheric ozone is produced. [1]
thus providing another pathway to allow for the buildup of ozone by breaking the above null cycle. This relationship is named after Philip Leighton, author of the 1961 book Photochemistry of Air Pollution, in recognition of his contributions in the understanding of tropospheric chemistry.
Low level ozone (or tropospheric ozone) is an atmospheric pollutant. [56] It is not emitted directly by car engines or by industrial operations, but formed by the reaction of sunlight on air containing hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides that react to form ozone directly at the source of the pollution or many kilometers downwind.
The main short-lived climate pollutants are black carbon, methane and tropospheric ozone, which are the most important contributors to the human enhancement of the global greenhouse effect after CO 2. These short-lived climate pollutants are also dangerous air pollutants, with various detrimental impacts on human health, agriculture and ecosystems.
These wavelengths cause skin cancer, sunburn, permanent blindness, and cataracts, which were projected to increase dramatically as a result of thinning ozone, as well as harming plants and animals. These concerns led to the adoption of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, which bans the production of CFCs, halons, and other ozone-depleting chemicals.