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Functional somatic syndrome (FSS) is any of a group of chronic diagnoses with no identifiable organic cause.This term was coined by Hemanth Samkumar. [citation needed] It encompasses disorders such as fibromyalgia, chronic widespread pain, temporomandibular disorder, irritable bowel syndrome, [1] lower back pain, tension headache, atypical face pain, non-cardiac chest pain, insomnia ...
Schematic of the HPA axis (CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone) Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis or HTPA axis) is a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three components: the hypothalamus (a part of the brain located below the thalamus), the pituitary gland (a ...
The term "functional" in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea implies that the ovulatory ovarian dysfunction is reversible with correction of the underlying cause. [9] Therefore, it is said that FHA can be reversed by removal of the stressor. [23]
Glucocorticoid deficiency can also be acquired after birth due to damage or dysfunction of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis), which regulates cortisol production. [4] Common causes of acquired glucocorticoid deficiency include autoimmune conditions affecting the HPA axis (such as autoimmune adrenalitis) and infections, such as ...
HPA axis dysfunction is associated with both sustained elevation of glucocorticoid levels and chronic inflammation, both of which are associated with major depressive disorder. [11] Dysregulation of the HPA axis can perpetuate a cycle of neuroinflammation that exacerbates depressive symptoms. [3]
They can be classified as a hypothalamic–pituitary axis (HP axis) of which the adrenal (HPA Tooltip hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis), gonadal (HPG Tooltip hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis), thyroid (HPT Tooltip hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis), somatotropic (HPS Tooltip hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic axis), and ...
The hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) has a crucial role in stress response. While the HPA axis may become more active with depression, there is evidence of hypocortisolism in somatization. [27] In somatic disorder, there is a negative connection between elevated pain scores and 5-hydroxy indol acetic acid (5-HIAA) and tryptophan levels ...
The HPA axis is responsible for coordinating the hormonal response to stress. [63] Given the strong cortisol suppression to dexamethasone in PTSD, HPA axis abnormalities are likely predicated on strong negative feedback inhibition of cortisol, itself likely due to an increased sensitivity of glucocorticoid receptors. [123]
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