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Electronic cigarettes are marketed to smoking and non-smoking men, women, and children as being safer than cigarettes. [1] In the 2010s, large tobacco businesses accelerated their marketing spending on vape products, [2] [3] similar to the strategies traditional cigarette companies used in the 1950s and 1960s.
An electronic cigarette (e-cigarette), or vape, [note 1] [1] is a device that simulates smoking. It consists of an atomizer, a power source such as a battery, and a container such as a cartridge or tank. Instead of smoke, the user inhales vapor. [2] As such, using an e-cigarette is often called "vaping". [3]
Smoking a traditional cigarette yields between 0.5 and 1.5 mg of nicotine, [180] but the nicotine content of the cigarette is only weakly correlated with the levels of nicotine in the smoker's bloodstream. [181] The amount of nicotine in the e-cigarette aerosol varies widely either from puff-to-puff or among devices of the same company. [8]
Nicotine has a half-life of 1–2 hours. Cotinine is an active metabolite of nicotine that remains in the blood with a half-life of 18–20 hours, making it easier to analyze. [151] Nicotine is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes (mostly CYP2A6, and also by CYP2B6) and FMO3, which selectively metabolizes (S)-nicotine.
Zyn (stylized in all caps as "ZYN") is an American brand of nicotine pouches. Zyn pouches are designed to be placed between the gums and lip, allowing nicotine to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the soft tissue. They are available in several variants with different nicotine strengths and flavours.
The concentration of nicotine increases with the age of the plant. Tobacco leaves contain 2 to 8% nicotine combined as malate or citrate. The distribution of the nicotine in the mature plant is widely variable: 64% of the total nicotine exists in the leaves, 18% in the stem, 13% in the root, and 5% in the flowers. [citation needed]
A nicotine base and a weak acid such as benzoic acid or levulinic acid is used to form a nicotine salt. [1] Across a sample of 23 nicotine salts available for public purchase, the three most common acids used in the formation of nicotine salts were lactic acid, benzoic acid and levulinic acid. [8]
Nicotine pouches are sold in an array of flavors, such as peppermint, black cherry, coffee, citrus, and many others. [37] The nicotine content among nicotine pouch brands typically varies from 1 mg/pouch to 10 mg/pouch [39] although some have much more. Nicotine pouches usually have a longer shelf-life than traditional snus. [40]