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Within introns, a donor site (5' end of the intron), a branch site (near the 3' end of the intron) and an acceptor site (3' end of the intron) are required for splicing. The splice donor site includes an almost invariant sequence GU at the 5' end of the intron, within a larger, less highly conserved region.
The splicing process itself is controlled by the given sequences, known as splice-donor and splice-acceptor sequences, which surround each exon. Mutations in these sequences may lead to retention of large segments of intronic DNA by the mRNA, or to entire exons being spliced out of the mRNA.
Alternative donor site: An alternative 5' splice junction (donor site) is used, changing the 3' boundary of the upstream exon. Alternative acceptor site: An alternative 3' splice junction (acceptor site) is used, changing the 5' boundary of the downstream exon. Intron retention: A sequence may be spliced out as an intron or simply retained.
In tandem genomic duplication, due to the similarity between consensus donor and acceptor splice sites, which both closely resemble AGGT, the tandem genomic duplication of an exonic segment harboring an AGGT sequence generates two potential splice sites.
Dr. Senapathy demonstrated that only deleterious mutations in the donor or acceptor splice sites that would drastically make the protein defective would reduce the splice site score (later known as the Shapiro–Senapathy score), and other non-deleterious variations would not reduce the score.
The outron is an intron-like sequence possessing similar characteristics such as the G+C content [3] and a splice acceptor site that is the signal for trans-splicing. [4] [5] Such a trans-splice site is essentially defined as an acceptor (3') splice site without an upstream donor (5') splice site.
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