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Rubella is usually spread from one person to the next through the air via coughs of people who are infected. [3] [4] People are infectious during the week before and after the appearance of the rash. [1] Babies with CRS may spread the virus for more than a year. [1] Only humans are infected. [3] Insects do not spread the disease. [1]
The 1962–1965 rubella epidemic was an outbreak of rubella across Europe and the United States. [1] [2] The Rubella virus, also known as the German measles, is a single-stranded RNA virus from the family Togaviridae and genus Rubivirus. [3]
The genome encodes several non-coding RNA structures; among them is the rubella virus 3' cis-acting element, which contains multiple stem-loops, one of which has been found to be essential for viral replication. [12] The only significant region of homology between rubella and the alphaviruses is located at the NH2 terminus of non structural ...
[21] [22] According to the World Health Organization, approximately 10 million new TB infections occur every year, and 1.5 million people die from it each year – making it the world's top infectious killer (before COVID-19 pandemic). [21] However, there is a lack of sources which describe major TB epidemics with definite time spans and death ...
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TORCH syndrome is a cluster of symptoms caused by congenital infection with toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and other organisms including syphilis, parvovirus, and Varicella zoster. [1] Zika virus is considered the most recent member of TORCH infections. [2]
Person's age, with highest risk at 10 to 30 years. Medical history , such as close contact with other people with infectious mononucleosis Physical examination , including palpation of any enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, or enlarged spleen .
Rubella is seldom given as an individual vaccine and is often given in combination with measles, mumps, or varicella (chickenpox) vaccines. [19] [20] Below is the list of measles-containing vaccines: Rubella vaccine (standalone vaccine) Measles and rubella combined vaccine ; Measles, mumps and rubella combined vaccine (MMR vaccine) [21] [22] [23]