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NOAA diagram illustrating the concept underlying time of concentration. This image shows the basic principle which leads to determination of the time of concentration. Much like a topographic map showing lines of equal elevation, a map with isolines can be constructed to show locations with the same travel time to the watershed outlet. In this ...
Prior to the 1950s, measurements of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations had been taken on an ad hoc basis at a variety of locations. In 1938, engineer and amateur meteorologist Guy Stewart Callendar compared datasets of atmospheric CO 2 from Kew in 1898–1901, which averaged 274 parts per million by volume (), [4] and from the eastern United States in 1936–1938, which averaged 310 ppmv, and ...
English: This figure shows the history of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations as directly measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii since 1958. This curve is known as the Keeling curve, and is an essential piece of evidence of the man-made increases in greenhouse gases that are believed to be the cause of global warming.
The IDF curves can take different mathematical expressions, theoretical or empirically fitted to observed event data. For each duration (e.g. 5, 10, 60, 120, 180 ... minutes), the empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF), and a determined frequency or return period is set.
To address a growing need for remote access to high volume numerical weather prediction and global climate models and data, the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), along with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), initiated the NOAA Operational Model Archive and Distribution System (NOMADS) project.
Data from 2009 found that the global mean CO 2 concentration was rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating. [24] [25] The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO 2 at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 [26] [27] although this concentration had already been reached in the Arctic in June 2012. [28]
The organization was created by merging the three existing NOAA National Data Centers with the goal of streamlining the collection and preservation of environmental data. The merger, which came in response to increasing demand for environmental information, was intended to make NOAA's data more useful through the application of consistent data ...
Also, NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) [40] of surface temperature measurements maintains a global temperature database since 1880. [ 41 ] HadCRUT is a collaboration between the University of East Anglia 's Climatic Research Unit and the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research .