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Over the last fifty years courses for professionals working with children and families have made increasing use of infant and child observation as a central aspect of training. It has proved invaluable in increasing professional skills and in sensitising workers to the range of anxieties, difficulties and creative possibilities in each family.
In communities where children's primary mode of learning is through observation, the children are rarely separated from adult activities. This incorporation into the adult world at an early age allows children to use observational learning skills in multiple spheres of life. This learning through observation requires keen attentive abilities.
This method can be used to draw conclusions about which types of development are universal (or normative) and occur in most members of a cohort. As an example a longitudinal study of early literacy development examined in detail the early literacy experiences of one child in each of 30 families. [76]
Evidence from neuroscience shows that the early years of a child's development (from birth to age six) set the basis for learning, behavior and health throughout life. [19] A child's neural pathways are influenced in their development through the exploration, thinking, problem-solving and language expression which occur during play episodes. [ 20 ]
The Reggio Emilia approach to early education reflects a theoretical kinship with John Dewey, Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky and Jerome Bruner, among others. Much of what occurs in the class reflects a constructivist approach to early education. Reggio Emilia's approach does challenge some conceptions of teacher competence and developmentally ...
The most current form of the schedules comes from the Gesell Institute of Child Development and is known as the Gesell Developmental Observation-Revised for ages 2 ½ to 9 years. [2] This assessment uses the principles of the schedules to determine the developmental age & stage of an any given child.
In recent years, early childhood education [4] has become a prevalent public policy issue, as funding for preschool and pre-K is debated by municipal, state, and federal lawmakers. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Governing entities are also debating the central focus of early childhood education with debate on developmental appropriate play versus strong ...
The method was started in the early 20th century by Italian physician Maria Montessori, who developed her theories through scientific experimentation with her students. [5] The method has since been used in many parts of the world, in public and private schools. [6] A range of practices exists under the name "Montessori", which is not trademarked.