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A deep-cycle battery powering a traffic signal. A deep-cycle battery is a battery designed to be regularly deeply discharged using most of its capacity. The term is traditionally mainly used for lead–acid batteries in the same form factor as automotive batteries; and contrasted with starter or cranking automotive batteries designed to deliver only a small part of their capacity in a short ...
A "charge cycle" is not a unit of time; the length of time spent charging or discharging does not affect the number of charge cycles. [1] Each battery is affected differently by charge cycles. [2] [3] In general, number of cycles for a rechargeable battery (the cycle life) indicates how many times it can undergo the process of complete charging ...
While the state of charge is usually expressed using percentage points (0 % = empty; 100 % = full), depth of discharge is either expressed using units of Ah (e.g. for a 50 Ah battery, 0 Ah is full and 50 Ah is empty) or percentage points (100 % is empty and 0 % is full). The capacity of a battery may also be higher than its nominal rating.
Sulfation also affects the charging cycle, resulting in longer charging times, less-efficient and incomplete charging, and higher battery temperatures. SLI batteries (starting, lighting, ignition; e.g., car batteries) suffer the most deterioration because vehicles normally stand unused for relatively long periods of time.
Deep-cycle batteries are also used as auxiliary batteries in recreational vehicles, but they require different, multi-stage charging. Discharging below 50% can shorten the battery's life. [36] Flooded batteries require inspection of electrolyte levels and occasional replacement of water, which gases away during the normal charging cycle.
The charging current (in A units) can be written as C/t where t is a time. For example, for a battery with C = 40 Ah, a current C/10 is equal to 4 A. The charging current is a compromise between charging time (favoring high currents), the prevention of damage due to overheating or outgassing (favoring low currents), and cost of the charger ...