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Re-education through labor (RTL; in Chinese, laodong jiaoyang 劳动教养, abbreviated láojiào 劳教) is a system of administrative detentions in the People's Republic of China. The estimated number of detainees in re-education through labor camps is anywhere from 300,000 ( China Labor Bulletin , 2007) [ 1 ] to 2 million (Laogai Research ...
The products manufactured by prison labor in China are of low quality and have become unsalable on the open market in competition with products made by non-imprisoned paid labor. [12] In 1994 the laogai camps were renamed "prisons". [13] However, Chinese criminal law still stipulates that prisoners able to work shall "accept education and ...
A photograph of Shayang Re-education Through Labor camp in Hubei province, from the archives of the Laogai Museum. Re-education through labor (RTL; simplified Chinese: 劳动教养; traditional Chinese: 勞動教養; pinyin: láodòng jiàoyǎng), abbreviated laojiao (simplified Chinese: 劳教; traditional Chinese: 勞教; pinyin: láojiào) was a system of administrative detention in ...
On 26 July 2018, the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, an independent agency of the U.S. government which monitors human rights and rule of law developments in the People's Republic of China, released a report that said as many as a million people are or have been detained in what are being called "political re-education" centers ...
In Imperial Russia, penal labor camps were known by the name katorga. The first Soviet camps were organized in June 1918 for the detention of Czechoslovak soldiers. [139] The Solovki prison camp existed since 1923. In the Soviet Union, labour penitentiary camps were simply called camps, almost always plural ("lagerya
In 2017, historian Stephen Kotkin wrote in The Wall Street Journal that 65 million people died prematurely under communist regimes according to demographers, and those deaths were a result of "mass deportations, forced labor camps and police-state terror" but mostly "from starvation as a result of its cruel projects of social engineering." [79 ...
The Chinese Communist Party has operated many labor camps for some crimes at least since taking power in 1949. Many leaders of China were put into labor camps after purges, including Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi. May Seventh Cadre Schools are an example of Cultural Revolution-era labor camps.
In addition, 1.5 million [14] to 6 million [17] people were sent to "reform through labour" camps, where many perished. [17] Philip Short noted that such estimates exclude the hundreds of thousands driven to suicide during "struggle sessions" of the three-anti/five-anti campaigns, which also occurred around the same time. [28]